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Properties of substance:

phosphorus white



skc-file

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

colorless cubic crystals

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

P4

Structural formula as text:

P4

Molar/atomic mass: 123.895

Melting point (°C):

44.1

Boiling point (°C):

280.5

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

1,2-dichloroethane: soluble [Ref.]
1-hexanol: soluble [Ref.]
acetic acid: 0.105 (15°C) [Ref.]
acetone: 0.05 (0°C) [Ref.]
acetone: 0.14 (25°C) [Ref.]
acetone: 0.22 (40°C) [Ref.]
ammonia liquid : very soluble [Ref.]
aniline: soluble [Ref.]
benzene: 1.51 (0°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 3.2 (20°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 5.75 (40°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 7.9 (60°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 10.03 (81°C) [Ref.]
benzoyl chloride: soluble [Ref.]
bromoform: soluble [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 45.8 (-10°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 72.3 (-5°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 434 (0°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 630 (5°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 880 (10°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 0.64 (0°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 1.27 (20°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 1.82 (40°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 4.55 (100°C) [Ref.]
chloroethane: soluble [Ref.]
chloroform: 1.7 (20°C) [Ref.]
coniine: insoluble [Ref.]
cyanogen liquid: soluble [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 0.43 (0°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 1.04 (20°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 1.39 (25°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: 2 (35°C) [Ref.]
ethanol: 0.31 (18°C) [Ref.]
ethyl nitrite: sparingly soluble [Ref.]
glycerol: 0.25 (16°C) [Ref.]
heptane: 0.86 (0°C) [Ref.]
heptane: 1.49 (25°C) [Ref.]
heptane: 2.16 (40°C) [Ref.]
heptane: 5.66 (100°C) [Ref.]
methylamine: soluble [Ref.]
methylene iodide: very soluble [Ref.]
nicotine: insoluble [Ref.]
oil of almonds: 1.25 [Ref.]
oil of turpentine: soluble [Ref.]
oleic acid: 1.06 [Ref.]
paraffin: 1.47 (15°C) [Ref.]
petroleum ether: soluble [Ref.]
phosphorus tribromide : soluble [Ref.]
phosphorus trichloride: very soluble [Ref.]
phosphorus(III) oxide: 1.7 (25°C) [Ref.]
phosphorus(V) trichloride oxide: very soluble [Ref.]
quinoline: soluble [Ref.]
styrene: soluble [Ref.]
sulfur dioxide: very soluble [Ref.]
valeric acid: very soluble [Ref.]
water: 0.0003 (15°C) [Ref.]
white spirit: sparingly soluble [Ref.]

Interatomic distances and bond angles:

Interatomic distances (in pm): 221 (P-P) [crystals]

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1669

Density:

1.8323 (20°C, g/cm3)

Reactions:

  1. The preparation of phosphonium iodide is usually effected by the hydrolysis of an intimate mixture of diphosphorus tetraiodide and white phosphorus. [Ref.1aster, Ref.2aster]
    10P2I4 + 13P4 + 128H2O → 40PH4I + 32H3PO4
  2. [Ref.1, Ref.2aster, Ref.3aster, Ref.4aster]
    2P + 3Cl2 → 2PCl3
  3. [Ref.1, Ref.2aster, Ref.3aster]
    2P + 4HNO3 + H2O → 2H3PO4 + 3NO + NO2

Half-life:

2615P = 30 ms (β+ (100%), β+2p (about 1%))
2715P = 260 ms (β+ (100%), β+p (0.07%))
2815P = 270.3 ms (β+ (100%), β+p (0.0013%))
2915P = 4.142 s (β+ (100%))
3015P = 2.498 min (β+ (100%))
3115P = stable ( (isotopic abundance 100%))
3215P = 14.264 d (β-)
3315P = 25.34 d (β-)
3415P = 12.43 s (β-)
3515P = 47.3 s (β- (100%))
3615P = 5.6 s (β- (100%))
3715P = 2.31 s (β- (100%))
3815P = 640 ms (β- (100%), β-n (12%))
3915P = 190 ms (β- (100%), β-n (26%))
4015P = 153 ms (β- (100%))
4115P = 150 ms (β- (100%), β-n (30%))
4215P = 120 ms (β- (100%), β-n (50%))
4315P = 33 ms (β- (100%), β-n (100%))

Refractive index (nD):

1.8244 (20°C)

Vapour pressure (Torr):

0.122 (40°C)
1 (75°C)
10 (123°C)
100 (190°C)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

4.1 (20°C)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

41.1 (s)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

23.8 (s)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

0.659

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol):

13.1

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

316.3 (g)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

163.2 (g)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

20.9 (g)

LD50 (mg/kg):

11.5 (mice, oral)

Critical temperature (°C):

695

Critical pressure (MPa):

8.1

References:

  1. Reedijk J., Poeppelmeier K. Comprehensive Inorganic Chemistry II. - Vol. 1. - Elsevier, 2013. - pp. 1105-1132
  2. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 1362-1363, 1417
  3. The Merck Index 11th ed., Merck & Company, 1989. - pp. 1167
  4. Везер В. Фосфор и его соединения. - М.: ИИЛ, 1962. - pp. 80 [Russian]
  5. Вредные вещества в промышленности: Справочник для химиков, инженеров и врачей. - 7-е изд., Т.3. - Л.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 127-131 [Russian]
  6. Гринвуд Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. - Т.1. - М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. - pp. 449, 453 [Russian]
  7. Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 52 [Russian]
  8. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 437, 441-442, 445-446, 457 [Russian]
  9. Позин М.Е. Технология минеральных солей (удобрений, пестицидов, промышленных солей, окислов и кислот). - Ч.2. - Л.: Химия, 1974. - pp. 938 [Russian]
  10. Постников Н.Н. Термическая фосфорная кислота. Химия и технология. - М.: Химия, 1970. - pp. 31-40 [Russian]
  11. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 107 [Russian]
  12. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 597-601 [Russian]
  13. Справочник химика. - Т. 3. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1965. - pp. 305 [Russian]
  14. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 5. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1999. - pp. 144-147 [Russian]
  15. Энциклопедия для детей. - Т.17: Химия. - М.: Аванта+, 2004. - pp. 226 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru