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Properties of substance:

formic acid

Synonyms:

methanoic acid

Group of substances:

organic

Physical appearance:

colorless liquid

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

CH2O2

Structural formula as text:

HCOOH

Molar/atomic mass: 46.03

Melting point (°C):

8.25

Boiling point (°C):

100.7

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

acetone: very soluble [Ref.]
ammonia liquid : miscible [Ref.]
benzene: 14.4 (25°C) [Ref.]
bromoform: 2.45 (25°C) [Ref.]
carbon disulphide: 1.28 (25°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 3.43 (25°C) [Ref.]
diethyl ether: miscible [Ref.]
ethanol: miscible [Ref.]
glycerol: miscible [Ref.]
hydrogen fluoride : very soluble [Ref.]
kerosene: 0.9 (25°C) [Ref.]
sulfuric acid: reaction [Ref.]
toluene: 11.04 (25°C) [Ref.]
water: miscible [Ref.]
xylene: 8.74 (25°C) [Ref.]

Multicomponent solubility (in wt%):

water 77.%, formic acid 23.%, -10 °C, separating phase: H2O [Ref.]
water 10.6%, formic acid 89.4%, -10 °C, separating phase: HCOOH [Ref.]
water 60.8%, formic acid 39.2%, -20 °C, separating phase: H2O [Ref.]
water 15.8%, formic acid 84.2%, -20 °C, separating phase: HCOOH [Ref.]
water 37.5%, formic acid 62.5%, -40 °C, separating phase: H2O [Ref.]
water 25.8%, formic acid 74.2%, -40 °C, separating phase: HCOOH [Ref.]
water 30.%, formic acid 70.%, -49 °C, separating phase: H2O + HCOOH [Ref.]

Properties of solutions:

10% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 1.07 (20°)
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.0247 (20°)
  Index of refraction = 1.3387 (20°)
  Freezing point (°C) = -4.27
60% (wt.), solvent - water
  Dynamic viscosity (mPa·s) = 1.41 (20°)
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.1364 (20°)
  Index of refraction = 1.3612 (20°)
  Freezing point (°C) = -38.26
84% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.193 (20°)
86% (wt.), solvent - water
  Density (g/cm3) = 1.1977 (20°)

Density:

1.2196 (20°C, g/cm3)

Refractive index (nD):

1.3714 (20°C)

Vapour pressure (Torr):

120 (50°C)

Electrode potential:

CO2 + 2H+ + 2e- → HCOOH, E = -0.199 V (water, 25°C)

Dissociation:

H0 (1) = -2.2 (25°C)
pKa (1) = 3.752 (25°C, water)

Permittivity (dielectric constant):

51.1 (25°C)

Dipole moment (D):

1.41 (20°C)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-409.19 (l)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

-346 (l)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

128.95 (l)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

98.74 (l)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

12.72

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol):

22.24

References:

  1. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. - 95ed. - CRC Press, 2014. - pp. 3-278
  2. Seidell A. Solubilities of organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.2. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1941. - pp. 25-32
  3. Альберт А., Сержент Е. Константы ионизации кислот и оснований. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1964. - pp. 118 [Russian]
  4. Карцова А.А. Покорение вещества: Органическая химия. - С.-Пб.: Химиздат, 1999. - pp. 152 [Russian]
  5. Корольченко А.Я., Корольченко Д.А. Пожаровзрывоопасность веществ и материалов и средства их тушения. - 2 изд, Ч.2. - М.: Ассоциация Пожнаука, 2004. - pp. 165 [Russian]
  6. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.1. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 562 [Russian]
  7. Полюдек-Фабини Р., Бейрих Т. Органический анализ. - Л.: Химия, 1981. - pp. 145-146 [Russian]
  8. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 162-163 [Russian]
  9. Рудзитис Г.Е., Фельдман Ф.Г. Химия: Органическая химия: Учебник для 10 кл. общеобразоват. учреждений. - 4 изд. - М.: Просвещение, 1997. - pp. 110 [Russian]
  10. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 372 [Russian]
  11. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.2. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1962. - pp. 1114 [Russian]
  12. Справочник химика. - Т. 3. - М.-Л.: Химия, 1965. - pp. 118 [Russian]
  13. Справочник химика. - Т. 6. - Л.: Химия, 1967. - pp. 100-101 [Russian]
  14. Хёрд Ч.Д. Пиролиз соединений углерода. - Л.-М.: ГОНТИ РКТП СССР, 1938. - pp. 313-315 [Russian]
  15. Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 3. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1992. - pp. 148-149 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru