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Properties of substance:

chlorine

Synonyms:

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

gas

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

Cl₂

Structural formula as text:

Cl2

Molar/atomic mass: 70.91

Melting point (°C):

-101.03

Boiling point (°C):

-34.1

CAS №: 7782-50-5

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

benzene: 32.8 (10°C) [Ref.]
benzene: 22.7 (20°C) [Ref.]
boron trichloride: soluble [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 31.4 (0°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 17.61 (19°C) [Ref.]
carbon tetrachloride: 11 (40°C) [Ref.]
chloroform: 8.28 (25°C) [Ref.]
chromyl chloride: soluble [Ref.]
hydrogen chloride liquid anhydrous: very soluble [Ref.]
methylene chloride: 10.44 (25°C) [Ref.]
perfluoro-n-heptane: 3.585 (0°C) [Ref.]
perfluoro-n-heptane: 2.2608 (19.8°C) [Ref.]
perfluoro-n-heptane: 2.146 (25°C) [Ref.]
potassium chloride fused: 0.005503 (820°C) [Ref.]
water: 1.48 (0°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.74 (20°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.96 (20°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.65 (25°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.59 (30°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.46 (40°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.38 (60°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.22 (80°C) [Ref.]
water: 0.13 (90°C) [Ref.]

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1774

Density:

1.9 (-102°C, d₄)
1.6552 (-70°C, d₄)
0.00321 (20°C, g/cm³)

Reactions of synthesis:

[Ref.1, Ref.2]
2NaCl + 2H₂O → 2NaOH + H₂ + Cl₂
[Ref.1]
K₂Cr₂O₇ + 14HCl → 2KCl + 2CrCl₃ + 3Cl₂ + 7H₂O

Reactions:

Yeild 90%. [Ref.1, Ref.2]
Cl₂ + F₂ → 2ClF
[Ref.1]
Si + Cl₂ → SiCl₄
[Ref.1]
2S + Cl₂ → S₂Cl₂
[Ref.1]
S₈ + Cl₂ → S₈Cl₂
[Ref.1]
MoO₂ + Cl₂ → MoO₂Cl₂
[Ref.1, Ref.2, Ref.3]
2Au + 3Cl₂ → 3AuCl₃
[Ref.1]
2K + Cl₂ → 2KCl
[Ref.1]
Fe + Cl₂ → FeCl₂
2FeCl₂ + Cl₂ → 2FeCl₃
[Ref.1, Ref.2, Ref.3]
CH₂Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl
CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl
[Ref.1]
2Cl₂ + 2Na₂CO₃ + H₂O → Cl₂O + 2NaHCO₃ + 2NaCl
2Cl₂ + 2NaHCO₃ → Cl₂O + 2NaCl + 2CO₂ + H₂O
Yeild 18,5%. [Ref.1]
Cl₂ + AgF → ClF + AgCl
Yeild 68%. [Ref.1]
24(NH₂)₂CO + 9Cl₂ → 18NH₄Cl + 3N₂ + 8(CONH)₃
Yeild 95%. [Ref.1]
ClF₃ + Cl₂ → 3ClF
Yeild 85%. [Ref.1]
PCl₃ + Cl₂ → PCl₅
Yeild 80%. [Ref.1]
2Re + 5Cl₂ → 2ReCl₅
[Ref.1, Ref.2]
Pd + Cl₂ → PdCl₂
[Ref.1]
2NaN₃ + 3F₂ + Cl₂ → 2NF₂Cl + 2NaF + 2N₂
[Ref.1]
2Na₂O + Cl₂ → 2NaCl + Na₂O₂
[Ref.1]
(C₂H₅)₂O + 4Cl₂ → 4C + 8HCl + H₂O
[Ref.1]
(NH₄)₂SO₄ + 3Cl₂ → NCl₃ + NH₄HSO₄ + 3HCl
[Ref.1, Ref.2]
H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl
[Ref.1, Ref.2]
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl
CH₃Cl + Cl₂ → CH₂Cl₂ + HCl
CH₂Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl
CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl
[Ref.1]
(CH₃)₃COOC(CH₃)₃ + SO₂ + Cl₂ → (CH₃)₃COOC(CH₃)₂CH₂SO₂Cl + HCl
[Ref.1]
2VO + 3Cl₂ → 2VOCl₃
[Ref.1]
SO₂ + Cl₂ → SO₂Cl₂
[Ref.1]
Ag₂S + Cl₂ → 2AgCl + S
[Ref.1]
2P + 3Cl₂ → 2PCl₃
[Ref.1]
I₂ + Cl₂ → 2ICl
[Ref.1]
I₂ + 3Cl₂ → 2ICl₃
[Ref.1]
NaIO₃ + 4NaOH + Cl₂ → Na₃H₃IO₆ + 2NaCl + H₂O
[Ref.1]
Ni + Cl₂ → NiCl₂
[Ref.1, Ref.2, Ref.3]
2Cl₂ + HgO → Cl₂O + HgCl₂
[Ref.1, Ref.2]
2K₄[Fe(CN)₆] + Cl₂ → 2K₃[Fe(CN)₆] + 2KCl
[Ref.1, Ref.2, Ref.3, Ref.4]
2Cl₂ + HgO + H₂O → 2HClO + HgCl₂
[Ref.1, Ref.2]
2NO + Cl₂ → 2NOCl

Half-life:

³¹₁₇Cl = 190 ms (β⁺ (100%), β⁺p (2.4%))
³²₁₇Cl = 298 ms (β⁺ (100%), β⁺p (0.026%), β⁺α (0.054%))
³³₁₇Cl = 2.5 s (β⁺)
³⁴₁₇Cl = 1.529 s (β⁺)
³⁵₁₇Cl = stable ( (isotopic abundance 75,77%))
³⁶₁₇Cl = 301 000 y (β^- (98.1%), electron capture (1.9%), β⁺ (0.0012%))
³⁷₁₇Cl = stable ( (isotopic abundance 24,23%))
³⁸₁₇Cl = 37.24 min (β^-)
^38m₁₇Cl = 0.716 s (internal transition)
³⁹₁₇Cl = 55.6 min (β^-)
⁴⁰₁₇Cl = 1.35 min (β^-)
⁴¹₁₇Cl = 38.4 s (β^- (100%))
⁴²₁₇Cl = 6.8 s (β^- (100%))
⁴³₁₇Cl = 3.13 s (β^- (100%))
⁴⁴₁₇Cl = 560 ms (β^- (100%), β^-n)
⁴⁵₁₇Cl = 413 ms (β^- (100%), β^-n (24%))
⁴⁶₁₇Cl = 232 ms (β^- (100%), β^-n (60%))
⁴⁷₁₇Cl = 101 ms (β^- (100%), β^-n )

Vapour pressure (Torr):

1 (-118°C)
10 (-101.5°C)
100 (-71.9°C)

Electrode potential:

Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 0.58 V (acetonitrile, 25°C)
Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 0.99 V (formic acid, 25°C)
Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 1.048 V (ethanol, 25°C)
Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 1.116 V (methanol, 25°C)
Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 1.34 V (water, 25°C)
Cl₂ + 2e^- → 2Cl^-, E = 2.03 V (ammonia liquid , -50°C)

Viscosity (mPa·s):

0.00133 (20°C)
0.00188 (150°C)

Speed sound (m/s):

206 (0°C, aggregative state - gas)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ_fH⁰ (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (g)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ_fG⁰ (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (g)

Standard molar entropy S⁰ (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

222.9 (g)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C_p (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

34.94 (g)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion Δ_fusH (kJ/mol):

6.406

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization Δ_vapH (kJ/mol):

20.41

Critical temperature (°C):

144

Critical pressure (MPa):

7.71

Critical density (g/cm³):

0.573

References:

Hoenig S.L. Compendium of chemical warfare agents. - 2007. - pp. 57-60
Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 396-399
Вредные вещества в промышленности: Справочник для химиков, инженеров и врачей. - 7-е изд., Т.3. - Л.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 20-23 [Russian]
Герасимов Я.И., Древинг В.П., Еремин Е.Н.. Киселев А.В., Лебедев В.П., Панченков Г.М., Шлыгин А.И. Курс физической химии. - Т.2. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 528 [Russian]
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 47, 52, 229 [Russian]
Промышленные хлорорганические продукты: Справочник. - М.: Химия, 1978. - pp. 634-636 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 109 [Russian]
Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 617-621 [Russian]
Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 5. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1999. - pp. 280-281 [Russian]
Якименко Л.М. Производство хлора, каустической соды и неорганических хлорпродуктов. - М.: Химия, 1974. - pp. 309-365 [Russian]
Якименко Л.М., Пасманик М.И. Справочник по производству хлора, каустической соды и основных хлорпродуктов. - 2 изд. - М.: Химия, 1976. - pp. 152-189 [Russian]

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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru