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Properties of substance:

thorium

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

cubic metal

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

Th

Structural formula as text:

Th

Molar/atomic mass: 232.04

Melting point (°C):

1750

Boiling point (°C):

4800

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

mercury: 0.0154 (25°C) [Ref.]
mercury: 5 (300°C) [Ref.]
water: insoluble [Ref.]

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1828
Superconducting temperature (K): 1.374

Density:

11.7 (25°C, g/cm3)

Half-life:

20890Th = 2.4 ms (α (about 100%))
209m90Th = 3.1 ms (α (about 100%))
21090Th = 16.0 ms ()
21190Th = 48 ms ()
21290Th = 31.7 ms (α (about 100%))
21390Th = 144 ms ()
213m90Th = 1.4 μs (internal transition (100%))
21490Th = 87 ms (α (about 100%))
21590Th = 1.2 s (α (100%))
21690Th = 26.0 ms (α (about 100%))
216m90Th = 134 μs ()
216n90Th = 580 ns (internal transition (100%))
216p90Th = 740 ns (internal transition (100%))
21790Th = 247 μs (α (100%))
217m90Th = 141 ns (internal transition (100%))
217n90Th = 71 μs (internal transition (100%))
21890Th = 117 ns (α (100%))
21990Th = 1.021 μs (α (100%))
22090Th = 9.7 μs (α (100%))
22190Th = 1.78 ms (α (100%))
22290Th = 2.24 ms (α (100%))
22390Th = 600 ms (α (100%))
22490Th = 1.04 s (α (100%))
22590Th = 8.75 min (α (about 90%), electron capture (about 10%))
22690Th = 30.70 min (α (100%), heavy cluster emission)
22790Th = 18.697 d (α (100%))
22890Th = 1.9116 y (α (about 100%); heavy cluster emission 20O (0.000 000 000 011 3%); mass excess 26772,2 keV)
22990Th = 7 920 y (α (100%))
23090Th = 75 400 y (α (100%), spontaneous fission. heavy cluster emission 24Ne (5.8·10-11%))
23190Th = 25.52 h (β- (100%))
23290Th = 14 000 000 000 y (α (100%), spontaneous fission (1.1·10-9%) (isotopic abundance 100%))
23390Th = 21.83 min (β- (100%))
23490Th = 24.10 d (β- (100%))
23590Th = 7.2 min (β- (100%))
23690Th = 37.3 min (β- (100%))
23790Th = 4.8 min (β- (100%))
23890Th = 9.4 min (β- (100%))

Vapour pressure (Torr):

0.1 (2460°C)
1 (2730°C)
10 (3080°C)
100 (3610°C)

Electrode potential:

Th4+ + e- → Th3+, E = -3.7 V (water, 25°C)
Th4+ + 4e- → Th, E = -1.899 V (water, 25°C)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

53.39 (s)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

27.32 (s)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

594 (g)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

190 (g)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

20.8 (g)

Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion ΔfusH (kJ/mol):

14

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol):

540

References:

  1. Seidell A. Solubilities of inorganic and metal organic compounds. - 3ed., vol.1. - New York: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1940. - pp. 1528
  2. Бекман И.Н. Радиохимия. Том II: Радиоактивные элементы. - М.: Издатель Мархитин П.Ю., 2014. - pp. 129-136 [Russian]
  3. Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 51 [Russian]
  4. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 105, 312 [Russian]
  5. Рябчиков Д.И., Гольбрайх Е.К. Аналитическая химия тория. - М.: ИАН СССР, 1960. - pp. 5-18 [Russian]
  6. Сонгина О.А. Редкие металлы. - 3 изд. - М.: Металлургия, 1964. - pp. 239-246 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru