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Properties of substance:
thallium
Group of substances:
inorganic
Physical appearance:
hexagonal metal
Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):
Tl
Structural formula as text:
Tl
Molar/atomic mass: 204.37
Melting point (°C):
304
Boiling point (°C):
1475
Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):
gallium
: miscible (574°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 74.83 (18°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 112.8 (70°C) [
Ref.
]
sulfuric acid
: reaction [
Ref.
]
water
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
Properties of solutions:
2% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.49 (25°)
4% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.443 (25°)
6% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.405 (25°)
11% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.305 (25°)
15% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.222 (25°)
25% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 13.021 (25°)
40% (wt.), solvent - mercury
Density (g/cm
3
) = 12.727 (25°)
Numerical data:
Year of discovery: 1861
Superconducting temperature (K): 2.38
Density:
11.85 (20°C, g/cm
3
)
11.289 (306°C, d
4
)
Half-life:
176
81
Tl = 6.2 ms (p (about 100%))
177
81
Tl = 18 ms (α (73%), p (27%))
177m
81
Tl = 180 μs (α (49%), p (51%))
178
81
Tl = 255 ms (α (62%), β
+
(38%), β
+
+ spontaneous fission (0.15%))
179
81
Tl = 265 ms (α (60%))
179m
81
Tl = 1.41 ms (α (about 100%))
180
81
Tl = 1.09 s (β
+
(94%), α (6%), β
+
+ spontaneous fission (0.0032%))
181
81
Tl = 3.2 s ()
182
81
Tl = 1.9 s (β
+
(about 100%))
183
81
Tl = 6.9 s ()
183m
81
Tl = 53.3 ms ()
183n
81
Tl = 1.48 μs (internal transition (100%))
184
81
Tl = 9.5 s (β
+
(98.78%), α (1.22%))
185
81
Tl = 19.5 s ()
185m
81
Tl = 1.93 s (internal transition (about 100%))
186m
81
Tl = 27.5 s (β
+
(about 100%), α (0.006%))
187
81
Tl = 51 s (β
+
(< 100%))
188
81
Tl = 71 s (β
+
(100%))
189
81
Tl = 2.3 min (β
+
(100%))
189m
81
Tl = 1.4 min (β
+
(about 100%))
190
81
Tl = 2.6 min (β
+
(100%))
190m
81
Tl = 3.7 min (β
+
(100%))
191m
81
Tl = 5.22 min (β
+
(100%))
192
81
Tl = 9.6 min (β
+
(100%))
192m
81
Tl = 10.8 min (β
+
(100%))
192n
81
Tl = 296 ns (internal transition (100%))
193
81
Tl = 21.6 min (β
+
(100%))
194
81
Tl = 33 min (β
+
(100%))
194m
81
Tl = 32.8 min (β
+
(100%))
195
81
Tl = 1.16 h (β
+
(100%))
195m
81
Tl = 3.6 s (internal transition (100%))
196
81
Tl = 1.84 h (β
+
(100%))
196m
81
Tl = 1.41 h (β
+
(96.2%), internal transition (3.8%))
197
81
Tl = 2.84 h (β
+
(100%))
197m
81
Tl = 540 ms (internal transition (100%))
198
81
Tl = 5.3 h (β
+
(100%))
198m
81
Tl = 1.87 h (β
+
(55.9%), internal transition (44.1%))
199
81
Tl = 7.42 h (β
+
(100%))
199m
81
Tl = 28.4 ms (internal transition (100%))
200
81
Tl = 26.1 h (β
+
(100%))
201
81
Tl = 3.0442 d (electron capture (100%))
202
81
Tl = 12.31 d (electron capture (100%))
202m
81
Tl = 591 μs (internal transition (100%))
203
81
Tl = stable ( (isotopic abundance 29,52%))
204
81
Tl = 3.783 y (β
-
(97.08%), β
-
+ electron capture (2.92%))
205
81
Tl = stable ( (isotopic abundance 70,48%))
206
81
Tl = 4.202 min (β
-
(100%))
207
81
Tl = 4.77 min (β
-
(100%))
208
81
Tl = 3.053 min (β
-
(100%))
209
81
Tl = 2.162 min (β
-
(100%))
210
81
Tl = 1.30 min (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (0.009%))
211
81
Tl = 80 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (2.2%))
212
81
Tl = 31 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (1.8%))
213
81
Tl = 24 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (7.6%))
214
81
Tl = 11 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (34%))
215
81
Tl = 10 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (4.6%))
216
81
Tl = 6 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n)
Electrode potential:
Tl
+
+ e
-
→ Tl, E = -0.336 V (water, 25°C)
Tl
3+
+ e
-
→ Tl
2+
, E = 0.3 V (water, 25°C)
Tl
3+
+ 2e
-
→ Tl
+
, E = 1.252 V (water, 25°C)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ
f
G
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
64.18 (s)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
26.32 (s)
Molar enthalpy (heat) of fusion Δ
fus
H (kJ/mol):
4.27
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
181 (g)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
180.9 (g)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
20.8 (g)
References:
Гринвуд Н., Эрншо А. Химия элементов. - Т.1. - М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний, 2008. - pp. 215 [Russian]
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 51 [Russian]
Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 33 [Russian]
Коренман И.М. Аналитическая химия таллия. - М.: ИАН СССР, 1960. - pp. 5-7 [Russian]
Неорганические синтезы. - Сб. 1. - М.: ИИЛ, 1951. - pp. 10 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 101 [Russian]
Спиридонова В.С., Шабалина Л.П. Токсикология таллия и его соединений, вопросы гигиены труда при работе с ним. - М., 1977. - pp. 4-5, 8 [Russian]
Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 617 [Russian]
Успехи химии. - 1997. - Т.66, №2. - pp. 112 [Russian]
Химическая энциклопедия. - Т. 4. - М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1995. - pp. 490-492 [Russian]
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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru
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