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Properties of substance:
gallium
Group of substances:
inorganic
Physical appearance:
rhombic metal
Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):
Ga
Structural formula as text:
Ga
Molar/atomic mass: 69.72
Melting point (°C):
29.78
Boiling point (°C):
2205
Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):
mercury
: 0.13 (-38.87°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 0.85 (10°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 1.1 (20°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 1.75 (65°C) [
Ref.
]
mercury
: 2.22 (95°C) [
Ref.
]
water
: insoluble [
Ref.
]
Numerical data:
Year of discovery: 1875
Superconducting temperature (K): 1.091
Hardness on the Mohs’ scale: 1.5-2.5
Density:
5.904 (29.6°C, g/cm
3
)
6.095 (29.8°C, g/cm
3
)
6.08 (52.9°C, g/cm
3
)
6.041 (102°C, g/cm
3
)
6.005 (149°C, g/cm
3
)
5.972 (200°C, g/cm
3
)
5.905 (301°C, g/cm
3
)
5.84 (402°C, g/cm
3
)
5.779 (500°C, g/cm
3
)
5.72 (600°C, g/cm
3
)
5.604 (800°C, g/cm
3
)
5.492 (1010°C, g/cm
3
)
5.445 (1110°C, g/cm
3
)
Reactions:
[
Ref.1
]
2Ga + 6HCl → 2GaCl
3
+ 3H
2
Half-life:
60
31
Ga = 70 ms (β
+
(100%), β
+
p (1.6%), β
+
α (< 0.023%))
61
31
Ga = 167 ms (β
+
(100%), β
+
p (< 0.25%))
62
31
Ga = 116.121 ms (β
+
(100%))
63
31
Ga = 32.4 s (β
+
(100%))
64
31
Ga = 2.627 min (β
+
(100%))
64m
31
Ga = 21.9 μs (internal transition (100%))
65
31
Ga = 15.2 min (β
+
(100%))
66
31
Ga = 9.304 h (β
+
(100%))
67
31
Ga = 3.2617 d (electron capture (100%))
68
31
Ga = 67.845 min (β
+
(100%))
69
31
Ga = stable ( (isotopic abundance 60,108%))
70
31
Ga = 21.14 min (β
-
(about 100%), electron capture (0.41%))
71
31
Ga = stable ( (isotopic abundance 39,892%))
72
31
Ga = 14.025 h (β
-
(100%))
72m
31
Ga = 39.68 ms (internal transition (100%))
73
31
Ga = 4.86 h (β
-
(100%))
74
31
Ga = 8.12 min (β
-
(100%))
74m
31
Ga = 9.5 s (internal transition (75%), β
-
)
75
31
Ga = 126 s (β
-
(100%))
76
31
Ga = 32.6 s (β
-
(100%))
77
31
Ga = 13.2 s (β
-
(100%))
78
31
Ga = 5.09 s (β
-
(100%))
78m
31
Ga = 110 ns (internal transition (100%))
79
31
Ga = 2.848 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (0.089%))
80
31
Ga = 1.9 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (0.86%))
81
31
Ga = 1.217 s (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (11.7%))
82
31
Ga = 599 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (21.3%))
82m
31
Ga = 93.5 ns (internal transition (100%))
83
31
Ga = 308.1 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (62.8%))
83m
31
Ga = 120 ns (internal transition (100%))
84
31
Ga = 85 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (40%))
85
31
Ga = 92.2 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (> 35%))
86
31
Ga = 47 ms (β
-
(100%), β
-
n (60%), β
-
2n (20%))
Vapour pressure (Torr):
0.000000001 (519°C)
0.00000001 (567°C)
0.1 (1180°C)
1 (1350°C)
10 (1570°C)
100 (1870°C)
Electrode potential:
Ga
3+
+ e
-
→ Ga
2+
, E = -0.63 V (water, 25°C)
Ga
3+
+ 3e
-
→ Ga, E = -0.53 V (water, 25°C)
Viscosity (mPa·s):
2.037 (30°C)
1.894 (52.9°C)
1.612 (97.7°C)
1.604 (102°C)
1.406 (149°C)
1.243 (203°C)
1.029 (301°C)
0.8858 (402°C)
0.8113 (500°C)
0.7705 (600°C)
0.5783 (1100°C)
Surface tension (mN/m):
358 (30°C)
Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation Δ
f
H
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation Δ
f
G
0
(298.15 K, kJ/mol):
0 (s)
Standard molar entropy S
0
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
41.1 (s)
Molar heat capacity at constant pressure C
p
(298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):
26.1 (s)
Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization Δ
vap
H (kJ/mol):
256
References:
Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 50 [Russian]
Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 35 [Russian]
Дымов А.М., Савостин А.П. Аналитическая химия галлия. - М.: Наука, 1958. - pp. 5-13 [Russian]
Иванова Р.В. Химия и технология галлия. - М.: Металлургия, 1973 [Russian]
Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.2. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 59-62 [Russian]
Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 60 [Russian]
Редкие и рассеянные элементы. Химия и технология. - Кн. 3. - М.: Мисис, 2003. - pp. 23-30 [Russian]
Руководство по неорганическому синтезу. - Т.6, под ред. Брауэра Г. - М.: Мир, 1986. - pp. 2175 [Russian]
Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 595 [Russian]
Успехи химии. - 1997. - Т.66, №2. - pp. 112 [Russian]
Федоров П.И., Мохосоев М.В., Алексеев Ф.П. Химия галлия, индия и таллия. - Новосибирск: Наука, 1977. - pp. 7-12 [Russian]
Шека И.А., Чаус И.С., Митюрева Т.Т. Галлий. - Киев: Государственное издательство технической литературы УССР, 1963 [Russian]
Энциклопедия для детей. - Т.17: Химия. - М.: Аванта+, 2004. - pp. 206 [Russian]
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© Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru