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Properties of substance:

gallium

Group of substances:

inorganic

Physical appearance:

rhombic metal

Empirical formula (Hill's system for organic substances):

Ga

Structural formula as text:

Ga

Molar/atomic mass: 69.72

Melting point (°C):

29.78

Boiling point (°C):

2205

Solubility (g/100 g of solvent):

mercury: 0.13 (-38.87°C) [Ref.]
mercury: 0.85 (10°C) [Ref.]
mercury: 1.1 (20°C) [Ref.]
mercury: 1.75 (65°C) [Ref.]
mercury: 2.22 (95°C) [Ref.]
water: insoluble [Ref.]

Numerical data:

Year of discovery: 1875
Superconducting temperature (K): 1.091
Hardness on the Mohs’ scale: 1.5-2.5

Density:

5.904 (29.6°C, g/cm3)
6.095 (29.8°C, g/cm3)
6.08 (52.9°C, g/cm3)
6.041 (102°C, g/cm3)
6.005 (149°C, g/cm3)
5.972 (200°C, g/cm3)
5.905 (301°C, g/cm3)
5.84 (402°C, g/cm3)
5.779 (500°C, g/cm3)
5.72 (600°C, g/cm3)
5.604 (800°C, g/cm3)
5.492 (1010°C, g/cm3)
5.445 (1110°C, g/cm3)

Reactions:

  1. [Ref.1aster]
    2Ga + 6HCl → 2GaCl3 + 3H2

Half-life:

6031Ga = 70 ms (β+ (100%), β+p (1.6%), β+α (< 0.023%))
6131Ga = 167 ms (β+ (100%), β+p (< 0.25%))
6231Ga = 116.121 ms (β+ (100%))
6331Ga = 32.4 s (β+ (100%))
6431Ga = 2.627 min (β+ (100%))
64m31Ga = 21.9 μs (internal transition (100%))
6531Ga = 15.2 min (β+ (100%))
6631Ga = 9.304 h (β+ (100%))
6731Ga = 3.2617 d (electron capture (100%))
6831Ga = 67.845 min (β+ (100%))
6931Ga = stable ( (isotopic abundance 60,108%))
7031Ga = 21.14 min (β- (about 100%), electron capture (0.41%))
7131Ga = stable ( (isotopic abundance 39,892%))
7231Ga = 14.025 h (β- (100%))
72m31Ga = 39.68 ms (internal transition (100%))
7331Ga = 4.86 h (β- (100%))
7431Ga = 8.12 min (β- (100%))
74m31Ga = 9.5 s (internal transition (75%), β-)
7531Ga = 126 s (β- (100%))
7631Ga = 32.6 s (β- (100%))
7731Ga = 13.2 s (β- (100%))
7831Ga = 5.09 s (β- (100%))
78m31Ga = 110 ns (internal transition (100%))
7931Ga = 2.848 s (β- (100%), β-n (0.089%))
8031Ga = 1.9 s (β- (100%), β-n (0.86%))
8131Ga = 1.217 s (β- (100%), β-n (11.7%))
8231Ga = 599 ms (β- (100%), β-n (21.3%))
82m31Ga = 93.5 ns (internal transition (100%))
8331Ga = 308.1 ms (β- (100%), β-n (62.8%))
83m31Ga = 120 ns (internal transition (100%))
8431Ga = 85 ms (β- (100%), β-n (40%))
8531Ga = 92.2 ms (β- (100%), β-n (> 35%))
8631Ga = 47 ms (β- (100%), β-n (60%), β-2n (20%))

Vapour pressure (Torr):

0.000000001 (519°C)
0.00000001 (567°C)
0.1 (1180°C)
1 (1350°C)
10 (1570°C)
100 (1870°C)

Electrode potential:

Ga3+ + e- → Ga2+, E = -0.63 V (water, 25°C)
Ga3+ + 3e- → Ga, E = -0.53 V (water, 25°C)

Viscosity (mPa·s):

2.037 (30°C)
1.894 (52.9°C)
1.612 (97.7°C)
1.604 (102°C)
1.406 (149°C)
1.243 (203°C)
1.029 (301°C)
0.8858 (402°C)
0.8113 (500°C)
0.7705 (600°C)
0.5783 (1100°C)

Surface tension (mN/m):

358 (30°C)

Standard molar enthalpy (heat) of formation ΔfH0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar Gibbs energy of formation ΔfG0 (298.15 K, kJ/mol):

0 (s)

Standard molar entropy S0 (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

41.1 (s)

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure Cp (298.15 K, J/(mol·K)):

26.1 (s)

Enthalpy (heat) of vaporization ΔvapH (kJ/mol):

256

References:

  1. Гурвич Я.А. Справочник молодого аппаратчика-химика. - М.: Химия, 1991. - pp. 50 [Russian]
  2. Девяткин В.В., Ляхова Ю.М. Химия для любознательных, или о чем не узнаешь на уроке. - Ярославль: Академия Холдинг, 2000. - pp. 35 [Russian]
  3. Дымов А.М., Савостин А.П. Аналитическая химия галлия. - М.: Наука, 1958. - pp. 5-13 [Russian]
  4. Иванова Р.В. Химия и технология галлия. - М.: Металлургия, 1973 [Russian]
  5. Некрасов Б.В. Основы общей химии. - Т.2. - М.: Химия, 1973. - pp. 59-62 [Russian]
  6. Рабинович В.А., Хавин З.Я. Краткий химический справочник. - Л.: Химия, 1977. - pp. 60 [Russian]
  7. Редкие и рассеянные элементы. Химия и технология. - Кн. 3. - М.: Мисис, 2003. - pp. 23-30 [Russian]
  8. Руководство по неорганическому синтезу. - Т.6, под ред. Брауэра Г. - М.: Мир, 1986. - pp. 2175 [Russian]
  9. Справочник по растворимости. - Т.1, Кн.1. - М.-Л.: ИАН СССР, 1961. - pp. 595 [Russian]
  10. Успехи химии. - 1997. - Т.66, №2. - pp. 112 [Russian]
  11. Федоров П.И., Мохосоев М.В., Алексеев Ф.П. Химия галлия, индия и таллия. - Новосибирск: Наука, 1977. - pp. 7-12 [Russian]
  12. Шека И.А., Чаус И.С., Митюрева Т.Т. Галлий. - Киев: Государственное издательство технической литературы УССР, 1963 [Russian]
  13. Энциклопедия для детей. - Т.17: Химия. - М.: Аванта+, 2004. - pp. 206 [Russian]

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    © Collected Ruslan Anatolievich Kiper, burewestnik@mail.ru